In this conversation, with Nirmal Kulkarni a herpetologist, field ecologist, conservationist, and wildlife photographer, Chairman of the Mhadei Research Centre, Team Lead of Hypnale Research Station and Director of Wildernest Nature Resort, an eco-tel in the Chorla Ghats.

Tourism has taken a significant role. When I say tourism, it is primarily as a transit point to the major beach belt of Candolim and Calangute. Around that, the riverfront is now used by small boats and fishing vessels, and more recently by casinos—a notable trend I’ve observed over the last 15 years. This has rapidly altered not only the landscape of Vere but also its cultural and ecological nature. I believe the same applies to Panjim. We've grown up viewing Panjim differently, and now its visual nature and overall vibe have changed, primarily due to the overwhelming presence of casinos. Looking to the future, unless a different approach is identified, felt, and understood by the people living along these banks—both in Vere and Panjim—the growth will likely continue upward and deepen. Discussions are already underway about smaller jetties and ports on both sides, as well as plans to dredge channels to accommodate more yachts and vessels, with a view to developing the area into a marina. The new development includes the revamped Aguada jetty, an old historic jetty now geared towards tourism. Verem and Panjim were both busy ports historically, and this potential has been recognized by those involved in policy and infrastructure planning. My only concern is that these developments should not disturb the ecology of these places, as they are at the mouth of an important river. Just last week, an Olive Ridley turtle was spotted nesting at Miramar, which has happened before but is noteworthy. I haven’t deeply considered what the future holds for these important areas, but it is clear that the landscape and ecology are facing significant challenges. Indicator species are shifting frequently. For example, we used to see schools of dolphins in the river when crossing by ferry, but we don’t see them anymore. Water quality has also changed over time, and visual pollution has impacted bird diversity and nocturnal species like bats. I am more focused on the current impacts on these places rather than the future, but I am concerned about the ecological aspects. Regarding infrastructure, plans are already in place to consider extending marinas to Panjim. Given the precarious condition of the rivers and the Mhadai diversion, how do you think it will affect the mouth of the river area? Based on what I’ve read, the diversion could increase salinity as seawater ingresses, affecting marine life in the river, particularly fisheries. The diversity of species will likely change, and studies by NIO and BITS Pillani on climate change and sea effects could be valuable resources for understanding these impacts. Diversions can also affect siltation processes and impact communities reliant on the river, including traditional fishermen and the Rappon Kars. Regarding groundwater, our sensorial mapping with the Goa College of Architecture students showed that some wells are now unusable due to pollution and neglect. Groundwater health is connected to sewage systems, which are in disarray in many village areas. Wells, once integral to daily life, are now often neglected or repurposed, resulting in a loss of their significance and deterioration in water quality. This issue, along with river pollution—including microplastics—highlights the need for better awareness and protection of river ecosystems. Depletion or contamination of groundwater affects biodiversity, including birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Microbial diversity and plant matter are also impacted. Additionally, the introduction of invasive species, such as the red-eared slider and African catfish, is a growing concern. More long-term studies are needed in Goa to fully understand these impacts. The Mhadai Research Centre, based in Surla, primarily focuses on the forest areas of the Western Ghats, with some work on crocodiles along the coast. We are involved in species research, human-wildlife interactions, and eco-cultural aspects. Our recent work included long-term monitoring of a plateau ecosystem and a riverine ecology system, as well as providing data for the Mhadai case. We also engage in community awareness efforts. In collaboration with the Goa College of Architecture, we are exploring the built environment around rivers, including drains, embankments, and bridges. We conducted sensorial mapping to better understand the connection between architecture and rivers. For example, we are considering different scales for our documentation, such as fish swimming from Fontainhas to Rua do Ourem, or kites observing Panjim from above. We are looking into freshwater fish that can tolerate brackish water and will consult with an expert for detailed insights. Thank you for your time and insights. We look forward to presenting our work on the 29th and incorporating your feedback.